Physico-chemical characterization of Residual Household Waste for energy recovery in insular territories: Case study of Reunion Island

Waste-to-energy is a promising approach to face the current challenge of waste overproduction in Reunion Island, a French territory. In this particular context of an isolated and tropical territory, it is essential to study the properties of potential feedstocks to choose the most appropriate conversion process. This article reports on the composition of Residual Household Waste from Reunion Island and its physico-chemical parameters. Twelve representative samples of Residual Household Waste were subjected to thermal and elemental analysis. The results showed that their composition had a significant influence on the physico-chemical properties, including calorific value. Residual Household Waste from the selective sorting (rich in wood, plastic, and sanitary textiles) as well as dry mixed RHW are the most interesting for energy recovery. Due to their high volatile matter and high carbon content, and their low moisture content, these types of waste have a high calorific value exceeding 18 MJ/kg. Furthermore, the RHW sample comply with the environmental and health criteria applied by French regulations concerning halogen and heavy metal. Thus, it seems that Residual Household Waste can be an alternative to conventional fuels used in incineration or pyro-gasification processes. However, the study also points the need for a pre-treatment process for these wastes. Indeed, it is necessary to sort them correctly in order to avoid the risks of pollution and important maintenance. And more importantly, drying beforehand is unavoidable to improve combustibility and obtain optimal energy conversion.     

Discounting in the presence of scarce ecosystem services

The discount rate for cost-benefit analysis has to take account of future scarcity of ecosystem services in consumption and production. Previous literature focuses on the first aspect and shows the importance of the relative price effect, for given growth rates of consumption and ecosystem services. This paper focuses on intermediate ecosystem services in production and shows that for limited substitutability and a low growth rate of these ecosystem services, the growth rate of consumption, and thus the discount rate, declines towards a low value. Using a Ramsey growth model, the paper distinguishes three cases. If ecosystem services can be easily substituted, the discount rate converges to the usual value in the long term. Secondly, if ecosystem services can be easily substituted in production but not in consumption, the relative price effect is important. Finally, and most interestingly, if ecosystem services cannot be easily substituted in production, the discount rate declines towards a low value and the relative price effect is less important. Another part of the previous literature has shown that a declining discount rate is the result of introducing several forms of uncertainty, but this paper reaches that conclusion from an endogenous effect on the growth rate of the economy.     

钻屑法测定煤层H_2S含量

为了测定煤层硫化氢(H2S)含量,防治矿井H2S涌出,提出一种通过钻屑法测定煤层H2S含量的方法。在未受采动影响的新鲜煤壁,采用钻屑法取样,通过测定煤样H2S解吸量、取样过程损失量和H2S残存量确定煤层H2S含量。根据溶于水中H2S的p H值和色谱分析解吸气体中H2S体积分数,确定H2S解吸量;根据煤样解吸规律和气样H2S体积分数,确定H2S损失量;根据色谱分析残存气体中H2S体积分数,确定其残存量。用此方法,对山西某矿H2S涌出煤层进行现场和实验室测定。研究表明,该矿H2S含量为(4.465~6.701)×10-3m3/t。钻屑法测定煤层H2S含量是可行的,可以为矿井H2S治理提供基础数据。     

基于ACF-AMDF的气井环空液面回波特征提取方法

为了精确有效地提取声波法检测气井环空液位的回波周期，在分析环空中测试波的传播特征及基音周期检测的基础上，提出1种基于检测信号短时自相关函数(ACF)及平均幅度差函数(AMDF)的液面回波周期提取方法；利用自主搭建的室内模拟实验系统开展了不同初始环空压力下环空液位检测实验；对检测信号进行中心削波处理并计算ACF/AMDF，提取出液面回波周期并与理论计算值对比分析；同时分析了现场环空液位检测信号，提取其回波周期。研究结果表明:提出的新方法能有效地用于提取环空液面回波周期；室内实验中，该方法最大误差绝对值为1.54%；该方法能够有效抑制液面回波信号中的随机噪声及接箍反射波等，处理后的信号曲线在回波周期处峰值更加突出、集中，而在其他位置更加平滑，提高了对液面回波周期特征的辨识能力。     

Characteristics of stable biodiesel emulsion fuel with the aid of lipophilic surfactant,polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel emulsion fuel is reported as one of the most feasible options capable of generating lower NOx emission than that from fossil fuels. However, oil and water in the emulsion fuel are easily separated and unstable. The aim of the present study is to consider the production and stability of biodiesel emulsion fuel by using tetraglycerin ester (CR-310), i.e., one of lipophilic surfactant, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and biodiesel, i.e., Waste cooking Oil Methyl Ester (WOME) produced based on waste cooking oil. The corresponding heat rate, water content, and viscosity are measured. Emphasis is placed on the effects of water content and surfactant on biodiesel emulsions. It is found that: (i) stable emulsion fuel is obtained by adding at least 2.0% of CR-310 and is maintained over 1 month, (ii) there is no effect of water content on stable emulsion fuel if CR-310 is used over 2.0%, and (iii) the viscosity of emulsion fuels is higher than that of the biodiesel fuel and is gradually increased with an increase in the water content.     

煤矿水害风险量化评价方法

为提高煤矿防治水管理水平，预防和消除矿井水害，在层次分析法的基础上建立中性值作为参照对象对矿井水害风险进行实时评判的方法。根据《煤矿防治水细则》建立以矿井水文地质类型、矿井涌水量标准分数、突水预兆、采掘面位置、探水结果为准则层的层次结构模型，并对各评价指标赋权。依据制定的水害风险评价指标的评分细则和监测监控数据并结合其权重得到水害评价总得分。通过总得分与中性参照分数比较得出预测结果:水害评价总得分大于中性参照分数，证明水害的威胁小，分数越高越安全；反之则水害的威胁较大，分数越低越危险，这时需要加强防治水的力度，令评价分数管控大于中性参照分数。这种方法依赖于井下监测监控数据进行量化评价，能实时、客观、全面且准确地反映煤矿水害的风险情况。     

成渝高速铁路地面三向振动总值特性分析

为研究高速铁路地面三向振动总值特性,选择成渝高速铁路某路堤段和桥梁段进行了现场地面三向振动测试,分析了振动总值随距离的变化特性。结果表明,路堤段和高架桥段计权和未计权振动总值均随距离增加而近似呈负指数衰减,近场衰减快,远场衰减缓慢;路堤段和高架桥段计权振动总值与Z振级随距离的变化规律类似,且近场两者之间的差值较小,当评价高速铁路运营振动的环境影响时,近场可用Z振级近似代替计权振动总值。     

基于熵权的改进密切值法在水质综合评价的应用

将2003至2008年宁德市金涵水库水质监测值与地表水环境质量标准相结合,建立了环境样本矩阵,运用信息熵原理确定各指标的权重,并应用改进密切值法进行水质综合评价。结果表明：金涵水库从2003至2008年水质都是Ⅱ类以上,水质总体良好。该评价方法操作简便易行,结论切实可行,并可反映出各评价单元的优劣变化。     

青海大柴旦及周边地区尾波衰减特性研究

采用Sato单次散射模型,利用大柴旦台数字地震资料,研究了大柴旦震群序列尾波Qc值在流逝时间窗长60～90 s时间内的变化特征,计算频率从3 Hz至18 Hz,得到Qc值随频率的变化关系：Qc（f）=（72±19.9）f0.93±0.08。计算结果反映出大柴旦地震余震序列的尾波Qc值较低,说明大柴旦震源区属于构造运动较为活跃的地区,这与大柴旦地质结构特征相符。     

君安矿区复垦土壤的环境质量分析与评价

以君安矿区复垦土壤为调查研究对象,分析了该矿区不同复垦基质的主要重金属污染元素Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr的含量,并采用三步评价法对该矿不同区域复垦土壤的环境质量进行了分析与评价。结果表明:君安矿西区、东区复垦土壤环境质量合格,北区、南区和中区复垦土壤均不符合我国土壤环境质量标准;通过将矿区与全国土壤背景值进行比较可知,矿区复垦土壤未受到重金属Cu的污染,受Cd、Cr的污染较轻,受Pb的污染较严重。该研究可为进一步确定矿区土壤复垦方向提供依据。